where did hinduism originate

Origin of The Vedas Explained : How and where the vedas originated are subjects of much debate amongst Hindu circles.The opinions are divergent.

[526] Between 200,000 and one million people, including both Muslims and Hindus, were killed during the Partition of India. He led many military campaigns against the remaining non-Muslim powers of the Indian subcontinent – the Sikh states of Punjab, the last independent Hindu Rajputs and the Maratha rebels – as also against the Shia Muslim kingdoms of the Deccan. This period was followed in northern India by the Vedic period, which saw the introduction of the historical Vedic religion with the Indo-Aryan migrations, starting somewhere between 1900 BCE and 1400 BCE. "This revised and expanded edition takes account of new research into Jainism as carried out over the last ten years."--BOOK JACKET. [376] The most accepted view is that the greatest austerity comes from traveling on foot, or part of the journey is on foot, and that the use of a conveyance is only acceptable if the pilgrimage is otherwise impossible.[377]. [48], Rama and Krishna became the focus of a strong bhakti tradition, which found expression particularly in the Bhagavata Purana. The "One Truth" of Vedic literature, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind the great happenings and processes of nature. This led to the formation of the Latin Catholics in Kerala. Shiva Linga worshipped by Indo-Scythian,[201] or Kushan devotees, 2nd century CE. [256] Community celebrations include festivals, some of which include processions and idol immersion into sea or other water bodies. [231] Siva absorbed local cults by the suffixing of Isa or Isvara to the name of the local deity, for example, Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara. Virupaksha Temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva.

Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Christian Inquisition acting in the Indian city of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism one of the major . [200], Sun God Surya, also revered in Buddhism, Kushan Period. Renunciates receive high respect in Hindu society because of their simple ahiṃsā-driven lifestyle and dedication to spiritual liberation (moksha) – believed to be the ultimate goal of life in Hinduism. [341][342][343] In the modern world, the Hindu identity and nationalism is encouraged by many organisations as per their areas and territories. [301] Professor Harka Gurung speculates that the presence of Islamic Mughal rule and Christian British rule in India had compelled the foundation of Brahmin Orthodoxy in Nepal for the purpose building a haven for Hindus in the Kingdom of Nepal.[301]. The haridasas represented two groups, the Vyasakuta and Dasakuta, the former being required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (Devaranamas and Kirthanas). [117], The notion and reports on "Hinduism" as a "single world religious tradition"[137] was also popularised by 19th-century proselytizing missionaries and European Indologists, roles sometimes served by the same person, who relied on texts preserved by Brahmins (priests) for their information of Indian religions, and animist observations that the missionary Orientalists presumed was Hinduism. [282][283][284] The first two parts of the Vedas were subsequently called the Karmakāṇḍa (ritualistic portion), while the last two form the Jñānakāṇḍa (knowledge portion, discussing spiritual insight and philosophical teachings). [237] Bhakti sub-schools of Vedanta taught a creator God that is distinct from each human being. [221], The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. [225], Both theistic and atheistic ideas, for epistemological and metaphysical reasons, are profuse in different schools of Hinduism.

Later, from the 9th to the 13th century, the Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu Khmer Empire dominated much of the South-East Asian peninsula. [187], Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with a wide variety of beliefs;[59][188][web 12] its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. Willing provider with a complete bounce. This age existed roughly between 10000-4000 B.C. An Introduction to Hinduism Their new year starts in spring. Shankara is the founder of the Dashanami Sampradaya of Hindu monasticism and Shanmata tradition of worship. [198], Hindus believe that all living creatures have a Self.

[137][79][138] These reports influenced perceptions about Hinduism. Where did Hinduism originate? [199] According to the monistic/pantheistic (non-dualist) theologies of Hinduism (such as Advaita Vedanta school), this Atman is indistinct from Brahman, the supreme spirit or the Ultimate Reality. [76][77][78] Indus Valley Civilization seal. According to Paul Hacker, "the ethcial values of Neo-Hinduism stem from Western philosophy and Christianity, although they are expressed in Hindu terms."[327]. p. 84,276, ""An anthropomorphic figure has knelt in front of a fig tree, with hands raised in respectful salutation, prayer or worship. [70] Other notable characteristics include a belief in the existence of ātman (Self), reincarnation of one's ātman, and karma as well as a belief in dharma (duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and right way of living). He tried to remove the non-Smriti aspects that had crept into the Hindu communities. Yoga is means, and the four major marga (paths) of Hinduism are: Bhakti Yoga (the path of love and devotion), Karma Yoga (the path of right action), Rāja Yoga (the path of meditation), and Jñāna Yoga (the path of wisdom)[405] An individual may prefer one or some yogas over others, according to his or her inclination and understanding. [12][note 6] [243][264], There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism. A much-needed, comprehensive and up-to-date thematic and historical survey of Hinduism. Hinduism (/ˈhɪnduɪzəm/)[1] is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. One seal shows a horned figure seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators "Pashupati", an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra.

[75] According to Michaels, one out of nine Hindu belongs by birth to one or both of the Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism and Folk religion typology, whether practicing or non-practicing. This period was followed in northern India by the Vedic period, which saw the introduction of the historical Vedic religion with the Indo-Aryan migrations, starting somewhere between 1900 BCE to 1400 BCE. [273] Also, a small community of the Afghan Pashtuns who migrated to India after partition remain committed to Hinduism. [487] Hinduism is the third fastest-growing religion in the world after Islam and Christianity, with a predicted growth rate of 34% between 2010 and 2050.[488]. Some major regional or pan-Hindu festivals include: Many adherents undertake pilgrimages, which have historically been an important part of Hinduism and remain so today. [314] From 1799 to 1849, the Sikh Empire, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, emerged as the last major indigenous power in the Northwest of the Indian subcontinent under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [18][19] Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (Ahiṃsā), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, virtue, and compassion, among others. He also endeavoured to unite them by arguing that any of the different Hindu gods could be worshipped, according to the prescriptions given in the Smriti texts. The Majapahit Empire succeeded the Singhasari empire. They had resisted incursions into the region by the Muslim Mughal rulers of northern India. Hinduism did not come from any other place. ", "Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)", "A short note on the short history of Hinduism", "Short note on the short history of Hinduism", "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism", "As Nepal Strives to Become More Inclusive, Are Muslims Being Left Behind? [86], Though many religious Hindus implicitly acknowledge the authority of the Vedas, this acknowledgment is often "no more than a declaration that someone considers himself [or herself] a Hindu,"[88][note 18] and "most Indians today pay lip service to the Veda and have no regard for the contents of the text. [350] According to the Hindu text Skanda Purana, Tirtha are of three kinds: Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable of a sadhu, a rishi, a guru; Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable, like Benaras, Haridwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers; while Manas Tirtha is to a place of mind of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, Self. "[43] The resulting Puranic Hinduism differed markedly from the earlier Brahmanism of the Dharmaśāstras and the smritis. Besides being of enormous value to spiritual seekers, the book is ideally suited for study in a classroom environment. Shankara is also regarded as the greatest teacher[247] and reformer of the Smarta tradition. The festivals typically celebrate events from Hinduism, connoting spiritual themes and celebrating aspects of human relationships such as the Sister-Brother bond over the Raksha Bandhan (or Bhai Dooj) festival. In the Mahabharata, Krishna defines dharma as upholding both this-worldly and other-worldly affairs. [166][167] In Hinduism, kama is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing dharma, artha and moksha. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, The History and Culture of the Indian People, "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada", "Indian Hindu Nationalism's Nepali Cousin", "Sri Lankan Tamil nationalists seek alliance with India's Hindu-chauvinist BJP", "Bengaliness, Hindu nationalism and Bangladeshi migrants in West Bengal, India", "Brahmanism: Its place in ancient Indian society", "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States", "Temple desecration in pre-modern India. Some devout Hindus perform daily rituals such as worshiping at dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foodstuffs before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts, singing bhajans (devotional hymns), yoga, meditation, chanting mantras and others. One of the most powerful statements ever written on the subject of caste in India. Its liturgy is preserved in the three Vedic Samhitas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda and the Yajur-Veda. [33][note 7] David Gordon White cites three other mainstream scholars who "have emphatically demonstrated" that Vedic religion is partially derived from the Indus Valley Civilizations. Practice of one yoga does not exclude others. Part I", "Orientalism and the Modern Myth of "Hinduism, "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts", "The Dravidian Contribution to the Development of Indian Civilization: A Call for a Reassessment", "THE FORMATION RATHER THAN THE ORIGIN OF A TRADITION", "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism", "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", "The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact", "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part One", "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Two", "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Three", "Kumbh Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth", "Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbh Mela May Draw 100 Million", All About Hinduism by Swami Sivananda (pdf), Advaita Vedanta Hinduism by Sangeetha Menon, Heart of Hinduism: An overview of Hindu traditions, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Hindu Studies", "Latest issue of the 'International Journal of Hindu Studies, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, "International Journal of Dharma Studies", What's in a Name? [445][446] The layout, the motifs, the plan and the building process recite ancient rituals, geometric symbolisms, and reflect beliefs and values innate within various schools of Hinduism. [515] Hindu nationalism and Hindutva are often criticised for right-wing views and sometimes violent acts, which some have compared with Nazism. There are even groups in North India that kill people who eat cows. Where did Hinduism Buddhism originated? In this simple yet important book, Noah Rasheta takes profound Buddhist concepts and makes them easy to understand for anyone trying to become a better whatever-they-already-are. 2000-1900 BCE. [10] The word 'Vaidika' in Sanskrit means 'derived from or conformable to the Veda' or 'relating to the Veda'. During the 13th and 14th centuries, when large parts of India were under the rule of Muslim powers, an independent Kalinga became a stronghold of Hindu religion, philosophy, art, and architecture. [web 5][web 6] The Atimarga Shaivism ascetic tradition, datable to about 500 CE, challenged the Vaidika frame and insisted that their Agamas and practices were not only valid, they were superior than those of the Vaidikas. These schools also edited the Vedic mantra portions into fixed recensions, that were to be preserved purely by oral tradition over the following two millennia. After gaining power in the region, they approached Vidyaranya, who converted them back to the Hindu faith. [412] The term ahiṃsā appears in the Upanishads,[413] the epic Mahabharata[414] and ahiṃsā is the first of the five Yamas (vows of self-restraint) in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.

Iyengar, Paramahansa Yogananda, Prabhupada (founder of ISKCON), Sri Chinmoy, Swami Rama and others who translated, reformulated and presented Hinduism's foundational texts for contemporary audiences in new iterations, raising the profiles of Yoga and Vedanta in the West and attracting followers and attention in India and abroad. [257], Smartism centers its worship simultaneously on all the major Hindu deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Ganesha, Surya and Skanda. [133] Michaels notes: As a counteraction to Islamic supremacy and as part of the continuing process of regionalization, two religious innovations developed in the Hindu religions: the formation of sects and a historicization which preceded later nationalism ... [S]aints and sometimes militant sect leaders, such as the Marathi poet Tukaram (1609–1649) and Ramdas (1608–1681), articulated ideas in which they glorified Hinduism and the past. The three Vedic gods Indra, Brahma and Surya were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture from the 2nd-1st century BCE, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, even when the Buddha himself was not yet shown in human form but only through his symbols, such as the scenes of his Birth, his Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, or his retreat in the Indrasala Cave. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda. "[129] The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by Burley. Hinduism originated in the Indus Valley region around the River Indus in the country known today as Pakistan. in India. During early Pallavas period, there are different connexions to Southeast Asian and other countries.

[421][422][423] The cow in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure,[424] and Hindu society honours the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving,[425] selfless sacrifice, gentleness and tolerance. In contrast, in regions such as Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the solar cycle is emphasized and this is called the Tamil Calendar (Though Tamil Calendar uses month names like in Hindu Calendar) and Malayalam calendar, their new year starts in autumn, and these have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. [115] At least 383 non-Indo-European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma. Siddhanta Publications. [220] Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures, including the ten Dashavatara of the Garuda Purana and the twenty-two avatars in the Bhagavata Purana, though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable. The Gupta established a strong central government which also allowed a degree of local control. By late 1st-millennium CE, the concept of a belief and tradition distinct from Buddhism and Jainism had emerged. [225] It was distinguished from its Vedic Smarta roots by its popular base, its theological and sectarioan pluralism, its Tantric veneer, and the central place of bhakti. It is a way of life and nothing more". Though Islam came to the Indian subcontinent in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders, it started impacting Indian religions after the 10th century, and particularly after the 12th century with the establishment and then expansion of Islamic rule. [78], Inden states that the attempt to classify Hinduism by typology started in the imperial times, when proselytizing missionaries and colonial officials sought to understand and portray Hinduism from their interests. [420] Observant Hindus who do eat meat almost always abstain from beef.

Contemporary Hindus believe that cows are the most sacred animals and should not be eaten.

[269], Eastern Ganga and Surya were Hindu polities, which ruled much of present-day Odisha (historically known as Kalinga) from the 11th century until the mid-16th century CE.

On the other side of these coins is Vāsudeva-Krishna holding the conch and chakra. The Pallavas used Dravidian architecture to build some very important Hindu temples and academies in Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram and other places; their rule saw the rise of great poets, who are as famous as Kalidasa. An ideal resource for courses on Hinduism or world religions, this accessible volume spans the entire field of Hindu studies. [43] The Guptas patronised the newly emerging Puranic religion, seeking legitimacy for their dynasty. It was installed eight years after the death of Francis Xavier in 1552. Moksha. [533][534] The debate on proselytization and religious conversion between Christianity, Islam and Hinduism is more recent, and started in the 19th century. Hinduism is one of the oldest religion in the world, dating all the way back to 1500 BC. [392] The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar.

Hindu modernists like Vivekananda see the Vedas as the laws of the spiritual world, which would still exist even if they were not revealed to the sages. It is known that, unlike ethnic religions, which exist almost exclusively among, for instance, the Japanese (Shinto), the Chinese (Taoism), or the Jews (Judaism), Hinduism in India and Nepal is widespread among many, both Indo-Aryan and non-Aryan ethnic groups. It is sometimes referred to as henotheistic (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralization.[189][190]. A Summary of Hinduism's Origin - Learn Religions MARRIAGE (PB) Truly that Dharma is the Truth (Satya); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" Trade routes linked India with southern Burma, central and southern Siam, lower Cambodia and southern Vietnam and numerous urbanised coastal settlements were established there. Beyond stereotypes and myths -- Religious people do not like science -- Religious people do not like scientists -- Religious people are not scientists -- Religious people are all young-earth creationists -- Religious people are climate ... [91], The Indo-Aryans were pastoralists[92] who migrated into north-western India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization,[93][94][95][note 25] The Indo-Aryans were a branch of the Indo-Iranians, which originated in the Andronovo culture[96] in the Bactria-Margiana era, in present northern Afghanistan. [33][68][69] Hinduism also accepts numerous divine beings, with many Hindus considering the deities to be aspects or manifestations of a single impersonal absolute or ultimate reality or God, while some Hindus maintain that a specific deity represents the supreme and various deities are lower manifestations of this supreme. [86], Beginning in the 19th century, Indian modernists re-asserted Hinduism as a major asset of Indian civilisation,[66] meanwhile "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements[92] and elevating the Vedic elements. Therefore, this volume dives into these styles of religions and looks at their origins and their basic tenets as well as why they fall so short. [web 2]. Although almost all the world's Hindus live in India or Nepal, there are also overseas communities of Hindus. [229] In 8th-century royal circles, the Buddha started to be replaced by Hindu gods in pujas. [74] "Heroism" is also called virya-marga.

Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSharma1962 (. If the Indus valley civilization (3rd-2nd millennium BCE) was the earliest source of Hindu traditions, then Hinduism is the oldest living religion on Earth. Vishnu, Shiva and Murugan were mentioned gods. The influence of his two Hindu queens (the Maharani Maanbai and Maharani Jagat) kept religious moderation as a centre-piece of state policy which was extended under his son, Emperor Shah Jahan, who was by blood 75% Rajput and less than 25% Moghul. [6][85] To many Hindus, the Western term "religion" to the extent it means "dogma and an institution traceable to a single founder" is inappropriate for their tradition, states Hatcher. If there were temples, they have not been identified. [241] The Kena Upanishad repeatedly asks kena, 'by what' power something is the case. [470][note 34] The subsequent period, between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions",[473] and a formative period for Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. [web 3], According to other scholars such as Kim Knott and Brian Hatcher, Sanātana Dharma refers to "timeless, eternal set of truths" and this is how Hindus view the origins of their religion. Therefore the Brahmins did not come from any where to India and were a part of India Society.

Hinduism originated in India, most likely in Northern India, near the Indus River. 500[12]–200[22] BCE and ca. Based on this idea Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi has developed a 'Prototype Theory approach' to the definition of Hinduism.[105]. [374][375] The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is widely discussed in Hindu texts. [web 13][231][232] Its Vaisheshika school started as another non-theistic tradition relying on naturalism and that all matter is eternal, but it later introduced the concept of a non-creator God. [277] The kings patronised the saints of the dvaita order (philosophy of dualism) of Madhvacharya at Udupi. Some mobility and flexibility within the varṇas challenge allegations of social discrimination in the caste system, as has been pointed out by several sociologists,[398][399] although some other scholars disagree. Shankara (8th century CE) consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralised in India. Countries with the greatest proportion of Hindus: Demographically, Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. [239] The goddess is viewed as the heart of the most esoteric Saiva traditions. [95] He was a major influence on Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902), who, according to Flood, was "a figure of great importance in the development of a modern Hindu self-understanding and in formulating the West's view of Hinduism". [150], Hindu and also Buddhist religious and secular learning had first reached Persia in an organised manner in the 6th century, when the Sassanid Emperor Khosrau I (531–579) deputed Borzuya the physician as his envoy, to invite Indian and Chinese scholars to the Academy of Gundishapur. (aša) is the Avestan language term corresponding to Vedic language ṛta. [205][206][207], Hindu texts accept a polytheistic framework, but this is generally conceptualized as the divine essence or luminosity that gives vitality and animation to the inanimate natural substances. The origin of other religions like Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, etc. The word Sanātana means eternal, perennial, or forever; thus, Sanātana Dharma signifies that it is the dharma that has neither beginning nor end. [125] Lorenzen traces the emergence of a "family resemblance", and what he calls as "beginnings of medieval and modern Hinduism" taking shape, at c. 300–600 CE, with the development of the early Puranas, and continuities with the earlier Vedic religion. Although its origins are unclear, it seems to be a mix of different beliefs, cultures and traditions of the people who lived along the Indus River, in South East Asia. 1st century CE.

The first movement of Hinduism from India was to nearby areas of Southeast Asia. [184] Most of the basic ideas and practices of classical Hinduism derive from the new smriti literature. [382] Far fewer secular Hindu architecture have survived into the modern era, such as palaces, homes and cities. "[207], During this period, power was centralised, along with a growth of near distance trade, standardization of legal procedures, and general spread of literacy. The Empire of Sri Vijaya declined due to conflicts with the Chola rulers of India. [410][411], Hindus advocate the practice of ahiṃsā (nonviolence) and respect for all life because divinity is believed to permeate all beings, including plants and non-human animals.

[245], Vaishnavism is the devotional religious tradition that worships Vishnu[note 26] and his avatars, particularly Krishna and Rama. [319] Indology as an academic discipline of studying Indian culture from a European perspective was established in the 19th century, led by scholars such as Max Müller and John Woodroffe.

When did Hinduism originate? | Study.com Cases of responsive xenoglossy thus add to the evidence concerning the survival of human personality after death. [305] Other major life-stage events, such as rituals after death, include the yajña and chanting of Vedic mantras.

[390] Unlike the Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to the lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days)[391] and nearly 365 solar days, the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but inserts an extra full month by complex rules, once every 32–33 months, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. [245] Gaudapada "wove [both doctrines] into a philosophy of the Mandukya Upanishad, which was further developed by Shankara". For example, Advaita Vedanta holds that after attaining moksha a person knows their essence, Self as pure consciousness or the witness-consciousness and identifies it as identical to Brahman.

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